Freedom Comes First
Every society is organized around a hierarchy of values, and the place that freedom occupies in that hierarchy determines almost everything else. When it is at the top, other values can be discussed, corrected, and improved. When it is placed below security, order, or any project that someone considers superior, it remains at the mercy of whoever has the power to define what is superior. That is the central idea of the book On Liberty, which John Stuart Mill published in 1859 and which continues to be unsettling because it forces us to ask by what right one part of society tells another how to think and how to live. His answer is simple and demanding. The only justification for limiting a person's freedom is to prevent harm to others. The mere fact that the majority dislikes an idea, a custom, or a way of life is not enough. The underlying reason is one of humility. No one is infallible, and every era has been certain of truths that later turned out to be false. If an opinion is tr...