Science, Ideology, and the Myth of Exactitude
Most of us have heard that there are "exact" sciences, like physics and mathematics, and "soft" ones, like economics, psychology, or sociology. The first group, we're told, delivers solid truths that can be checked. The second is supposed to be a realm of opinion, where everyone is free to think whatever they like. The idea is so widespread that hardly anyone questions it. But it is wrong, and the mistake has real consequences: it leads us to believe that knowledge about society doesn't deserve our trust, and it leaves the door open to ignoring evidence whenever it's inconvenient. This essay explains why that divide doesn't hold up, and what distinction actually matters: the one between science and ideology. Let's start with physics, the classic example of an exact science. Even physics isn't entirely exact. Every experiment has factors we can't control, and every measurement, however careful, carries a small margin of error. Modern physi...